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Related post: and phenotypic characteristics of the clones of T. Glucotrol 5 Mg cruzi has been continued and
expanded. The findings from this work could account for much of the mystery
that has surrounded the key issue of Chagas' disease - namely, why do relatively
few of the infected individuals develop chronic disease, and why is there so
much geographic variation in the disease? About 50 different clones of the
parasite, derived from various sources including multiple clones from a single
individual are available for study. Many clones are being examined in
collaboration with other investigators for special characteristics, such as
restriction endonuclease analysis (Morel in Brazil), drug sensitivity (Marr at
Denver), metabolic and cell surface labeling (Dvorak and Howard) and reactivity
to monoclonal antibodies (Kirchoff and Cheap Glucotrol Sher at NIH). One observation crucial to
all these studies has already been establ ished--namely, that the clones are
stable, do not mutate and are easily cryopreserved (Dvorak). Several of the
clones have consistently produced either an acute or a chronic infection in
mice, the latter of which promises to be Buy Glucotrol Xl a useful experimental model of chronic
Chagas' heart disease (Postan and Dvorak).
Antigen expression during development of T. cruzi : Additional
characteristics were found of a 72,000 MU surface glycoprotein on the parasite
that is identified by a monoclonal antibody (Mab). This surface epitope, which
disappears as the parasite transforms to the trypomastigote form, was also found
to disappear by simply placing the organisms at elevated temperature (Kirchoff
and Sher). The overall implications and function of this particular antigen is
less clearly understood by the finding that not all strains of parasite exhibit
this epitope with the Mab probe. Further, both positive and negative clones
were found within one strain (Kirchoff, Engel and Dvorak). Perhaps the
important lesson here is that subtle changes in an epitope can determine
reactivity with Mabs or a partial corollary of the old saying," Believe nothing
that you hear, and only half of what you see" - even with Mabs!
25-5
Bacterial product vs. T. cruzi : Work to further characterize the
bacterial product with activity against T. cruzi is continuing. Purified
fractions exhibit absorption Glucotrol 5mg spectrum at 216 nm, and the material is thought to
be a small peptide.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Plasmodial genes : One direction being pursued is to
define the molecular basis for acquisition of drug
OF PARASITES resistance by malarial parasites. This would be very
difficult to approach for chloroquine, since the
mechanism of action of the drug is unknown, but the dihydrofolate reductase gene
provides a "handle" to such an Discount Glucotrol inquiry in the case of pyrimethamine resistance.
This gene seems to be amplified, i.e., an actual increase in gene copies, in the
parasite when resistance is acquired (McCutchan). The genes that code for the
stable RNAs (ribosomal, transfer and 5.8S and 5S RNAs) have been characterized
and mapped by DNA restriction analysis. Two of the ribosomal genes have been
cloned and compared by heteroduplex analysis and SI nuclease mapping. Based on
these data the genes were found to have large differences in their primary
sequences (Dame and McCutchan). A new screening technique has been developed for
detection of antigenic materials from Plasmodia, which is based upon expression
of gene proteins in bacteria (McCutchan).
New tools to study Buy Glucotrol Online Giardia : Two different applications Glucotrol Glipizide of molecular
biology have been made in regard to Giardia infections. Specific DNA probes
were able to detect down Order Glucotrol to 500 organisms, but the utility of this technique for
detection in the stool remains to be determined. Using Southern blot analysis
of giardia DNA restricted with various endonucleases and hybridized to giardia
DNA probes, several distinctive patterns were found in isolates from humans and
in isolates from animals. These probes provide a powerful tool for
epidemiological investigations (Nash).
HELMINTH Immunology of filarial infections : Qualitative analysis of
IgG and IgE antibodies to a spectrum of filarial antigens
INFECTIONS using immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation techniques are
being pursued to identify stage and species specific
antigens. Quantitative differences in IgE levels in patients with different
manifestations of filariasis are more striking than the qualitative pattern of
antigen-antibody reactions (Ottesen and Hussain). Therefore, attention has Glucotrol Online now
turned to Glucotrol Xr investigating Glipizide Glucotrol the regulatory mechanisms involved in IgE synthesis. In
contrast to normals and atopic patients, spontaneous Glucotrol Xl i_n vitro production of IgE
is high in patients with helminth infections (Nutman, Ottesen and Hussain).
T-cell lines are being established from the cells of patients to isolate clones
producing specific regulatory factors that affect IgE synthesis (Nutman and
Volkman of LCI). Disproportionately high levels of IgG4 have been found in
filarial patients, so the possibility that synthesis of IgG4 may be linked to
that of IgE is being investigated (Ottesen and Hussain). A comprehensive
immunologic analysis of events associated with the Mazzotti reaction is underway
with collaborators in Ghana. This is the constellation of clinical signs and
symptoms that occurs in patients with onchocerciasis after treatment with
di ethyl carbamazine (DEC). One of the dramatic changes is an early drop in serum
complement (C3 and C5), followed by a tissue and blood eosinophilia with
degranulation of eosinophiles and mast cells (Francis, Ottesen, Frank of LCI and
Awadzi of Ghana).
?5-6
Immunology and pathology of experimental schistosome infections : Even
though there is a great deal of conflicting evidence regarding immunity to
schistosome infections, clarification of the evidence may come from use of
animal models that permit a sharper definition of the questions being Glucotrol 10 Mg asked. In
this light we welcome the discovery that a mouse strain, P/N, fails to develop
immunity after vaccination, whereas most mouse strains develop reasonable
immunity (James and Sher). Genetic analysis of this defect is being worked out
(Oliveira). Another development in this field is the belated recognition, which
took a "back seat" to fascination with the more colorful eosinophil, that
activated Buy Glucotrol macrophages are efficient killers of schistosomules (James). The
effect of maternal infection with S. mansoni on neonates which are subsequently
exposed to the same infection was studied. Neonates born to infected mice
exhibited an increased mortality which could not be explained by differences in
worm burden or failure to receive adequate nursing (Correa-Coronas and Nash).
The association of Salmonella bacteria with schistosome worms, a relationship
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